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GST reforms

Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Sunday described the latest Goods and Services Tax (GST) changes as a landmark reform that will reshape India’s economy. Calling it a “GST Bachat Utsav” or “savings festival,” he highlighted how the new rates, effective September 22, will reduce the cost of essentials, benefit the middle class and youth, and fuel consumption-driven growth.

GST: From Tax Reform to Growth Driver

Launched in 2017 as India’s biggest indirect tax overhaul, GST replaced a complex web of taxes with the vision of “one nation, one tax.” Now, the government is positioning the upcoming rate cuts as the next phase of that journey. According to Modi, this reform is not just about cheaper goods but about creating opportunities across industries.

Relief for Households and Consumers

The latest GST cuts extend across a wide range of products—from automobiles and medicines to consumer goods and insurance. Modi stressed that the reform will directly impact the lives of ordinary citizens:

  • Daily essentials will cost less, easing household budgets.
  • Medicines and insurance will become more affordable, reducing healthcare stress.
  • Consumer products will fuel higher demand, benefiting businesses.

“The savings of our middle class will increase, our youth will benefit, and the entire economy will gain momentum,” Modi said.

Boosting Purchasing Power and Growth

The Prime Minister underscored that increasing people’s purchasing power creates a multiplier effect. Higher consumption strengthens demand, which in turn benefits industries, services, and agriculture alike. Modi called it a reform that “will touch every household and energise every sector.”

A Nationwide Savings Festival

Branding the initiative as the “GST Bachat Utsav,” Modi said the reform was designed to bring happiness to families while promoting investment and job creation. By lowering costs and encouraging consumption, the government hopes to strengthen the foundation of a self-reliant India while drawing greater domestic and foreign investment.

A Broader Economic Roadmap

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman had earlier announced the rate cuts, which represent the most sweeping GST change since its 2017 rollout. Modi positioned this step as part of a larger economic roadmap focused on growth, simplification of business, and equal participation from all states.

The GST changes, effective September 22, mark a crucial milestone in India’s economic journey. By reducing costs, boosting savings, and simplifying taxation, the government aims to provide relief to households while strengthening long-term growth. Modi framed the reform not just as a tax adjustment, but as a festival of savings that will empower the middle class, energise industries, and pave the way for a stronger, self-reliant India.

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GST

GST Council Introduces Simplified Two-Tier Structure

In a landmark reform, the GST Council has approved a simplified tax system with just two slabs—5% and 18%. The decision was finalized during the 56th GST Council meeting chaired by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, following over ten hours of discussion. Effective from September 22, the new structure is designed to reduce complexities, make compliance easier, and deliver relief to households and small businesses.

Focus on Common Man and Key Sectors

Announcing the reform, Finance Minister Sitharaman emphasized that the changes were made with the everyday consumer in mind. Items of mass consumption have seen sharp reductions, and labour-intensive industries received substantial support. The agricultural sector, farmers, and the healthcare industry stand out as key beneficiaries of the new structure.

Updated GST Rates Across Essentials

Several categories of daily use products and services have been shifted to the lower 5% slab. Ultra-High Temperature (UHT) milk has been made completely tax-free. Dairy products like paneer, butter, cheese, and ghee now attract either nil or 5%, significantly lower than earlier rates. Packaged staple foods such as biscuits, pasta, chocolates, and cereals have all been reduced to 5%, making them more affordable for the middle class.

Dry fruits and nuts, including almonds and cashews, will now be taxed at 5% compared to the earlier 12%. Similarly, refined sugar, confectionery, vegetable oils, meat products, and namkeens have all been moved to the lower slab. Mineral and aerated waters (without added sugar) also fall under the 5% bracket. Fertilisers, seeds, and crop nutrients—critical for the agriculture sector—will now be taxed at 5%, reducing the burden on farmers.

In healthcare, life-saving drugs, medical devices, and select products now attract 5% or are completely exempt. Commonly used household appliances, footwear, and textiles have been reduced from higher brackets to 5% or 18%, ensuring relief for mass-market consumers.

Goods Retaining High Tax Rates

The Council, however, kept high GST and cess rates intact for sin and luxury goods. Pan masala, gutkha, cigarettes, chewing tobacco, and similar products remain in the highest tax slab, with valuation shifted to the retail sale price method to plug revenue leaks. High-end luxury cars, premium liquor, and certain aerated beverages with added sugars will now attract 40% GST, a significant increase aimed at discouraging consumption of luxury and harmful goods.

Exemptions and Relief Measures

Several exemptions have been introduced to further ease the burden on households. UHT milk, paneer, and Indian breads such as chapati, roti, paratha, and parotta are now fully exempt. Individual life insurance policies, including ULIPs and endowment plans, have been exempted from GST as well. These measures are expected to bring much-needed financial relief and encourage wider insurance adoption among the middle class.

PM Modi Welcomes Reform as Next-Generation GST

Prime Minister Narendra Modi welcomed the Council’s decision, describing it as a next-generation reform. He stated that the two-slab structure would simplify taxation, reduce compliance issues, and empower the common man, small traders, farmers, and MSMEs. He also highlighted that these changes align with the government’s promise to improve ease of doing business and enhance affordability for consumers.

The Road Ahead

The two-tier GST reform is one of the most significant changes since the implementation of GST in 2017. By addressing both consumption and industry needs, the move is expected to boost economic activity while protecting the interests of citizens. However, its real impact will become clear as businesses transition to the new system and adapt their pricing strategies.

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